What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) light in water disinfection?

Ultraviolet (UV) light plays a crucial role in water disinfection primarily by killing or inactivating pathogens without the use of chemicals. This method relies on the UV radiation to penetrate the cells of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, damaging their genetic material and rendering them unable to reproduce and cause disease. The effectiveness of UV disinfection is influenced by factors such as the intensity of the light, the exposure time, and the clarity of the water being treated.

Unlike chemical disinfection methods, which can introduce residual substances into the water, UV disinfection is a physical process that leaves no chemical residues. This makes it an attractive option in many water treatment facilities, especially in contexts where the taste and quality of water are a priority. Additionally, UV systems can be integrated with other forms of treatment to provide a comprehensive approach to ensuring water safety.

The other choices either describe functions that UV light does not perform or reflect misconceptions about water treatment processes.