What are the two primary sources of water supply in municipal systems?

Municipal water systems primarily rely on two essential sources: surface water and groundwater. Surface water includes bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs that are typically replenished by rainfall and snowmelt. These sources are vital for meeting the immediate water demands of urban populations due to their large volume and accessibility.

Groundwater, sourced from aquifers, is another critical supply. Aquifers are underground layers of water-bearing rock or sediment that store water. This water is accessed through wells and is often used to supplement surface water, especially in dry seasons or areas with limited rainfall. Groundwater provides a reliable and consistent source of water, vital for long-term supply stability.

Combining these two sources allows municipal systems to ensure a sufficient and reliable water supply to meet the needs of the population, balancing seasonal variations and ensuring quality water service under various conditions.